Column
Genealogy of Japanese Women Poets and Their Brilliance
As you may know, Japan has a plentiful tradition of women poets.
This is not unrelated to the fact that since ancient times, we have found insightful remarks
in women’s speeches and have worshiped their words.
In the Nara Period, about 1,300 years ago, a great anthology called “Manyoshu”
(Anthology of Myriad Leaves) was compiled, collecting works of poets from all levels of society.
It comprises 4,500 poems, including many works by women.
In the Heian Period, about 1,200 years ago, there came “The Tale of Genji”
attributed to Murasaki Shikibu and other novels written by women,
in which many waka, or Japanese poems, were scattered.
We also find marvelous women’s works in diaries, anthologies of waka poems,
and so on, many of which are still read today by many people. Incidentally,
“The Tale of Genji” is a best seller, ranking always in the top 20,000 on Amazon.com.
As part of the writing system, Japanese people use Kanji, which was brought to Japan
from China via the Korean Peninsula. While only Kanji was used to write sentences,
some of the Kanji characters were picked up in the Heian Period so that
each corresponds to one syllable. This is how the Kana characters were born.
These characters were originally used by women and children, who started to learn
letters before Kanji or feel easy to use than Kanji, but indeed, it turned out that
these were the fortunate means for Japanese literature to flourish.
“Manyoshu” was written in Kanji, but waka in the Heian Period was written in
both Kanji and Kana together. Strangely, as soon as Kana began to be used
in combination with Kanji, poems started to reveal poets’ feelings and to express
vivid emotional moves.
In those days, marriage had influence on women’s behaviors in relation to love,
wedding, and childbirth, if it was a marriage of the women who could not climb up to
a political mainstay no matter how capable they were, or a marriage of two kin groups.
Marriage was then strategy for Imperial families and aristocrats to relay the wealth,
lands and special rights. So waka was not just a poem.
There were also people secluding themselves or renouncing the world early.
They used to write poems full of pessimism, taking a broad view of society or appreciating nature.
In the ages of the samurai, there was a monk who wrote poems despairing of a world
in which people were killing each other. His name was Saigyo. His poems could be
characterized as an expression of the ideal aesthetic sense. Later on, women’s poems
were not interrupted until the Edo Period, during which short poems with a fixed pattern of
17 letters (syllables) called “Haiku” were born. There appeared many excellent women Haiku poets.
Later in the Meiji Period of Japan, as a result of the inflow of Western culture, there arose
an open view that women had the right to affirm themselves as individual human beings.
I believe that awakened poets in those days were thrilled with such a concept. Indeed,
a married life, which used to be a long depressing one lived in submission to their husbands,
turned to be one with a positive aspect, affirming women’s ways of life with emotional and human love.
New poems were born; one that could be called “poems in praise of lives.”
There are still some phrases still in common use, such as “Woman was a sun in the primeval time”
and “The mountains moved.” It was the first manifesto that women’s freedom in mind.
Some of the novels, such as the one written by Ichiyo Higuchi, possibly called beautiful prose poems,
are remarkable. Like Akiko Yosano, some wrote poems protesting wars.
Some moved to Europe to write poems, parting from the Japanese tradition, like Sumako Fukao.
Then, we can find some remarkable activities of women poets in the Meiji, Taisho, and Showa Periods,
and modern Japanese women poets are still ranking high.
In any case, poetic words used to open up women’s closed minds express the joy of obtaining and
enjoying spiritual freedom through the poetry world, no matter when and where you live.
It is like a sense of freedom that a bird in a cage feels when released to the air.
I believe that these poetic words prove the essence of poetry; “a life is born where the mind
and words meet together.”
Thank you for your attention.
Legal Notice
Copyright is given by the authors and translators appearing in this issue.
No part of this journal may be reproduce by any means,
without written permission from JUNPA.
法的事項
本号の掲載物は著者および翻訳者より許可を得ております。
日本国際詩人協会より発行された書状の許可なく
本号の複製は、いかなる理由にせよ部分複写もお断りします。